INSIGHT

【Technology】Machining

Cutting Basics

The cutting process is a technology that allows the material (workpiece), such as metal, to be moved relatively with a tool, while shaving or drilling holes to achieve the desired shape. There are two main types of cutting operations: "Milling," in which the workpiece is fixed and the tool is turned, and "turning," in which the workpiece is turned.

1.Milling

In this process, a milling machine, a cutting tool attached to a rotating shaft, is rotated to cut a workpiece. Because the tool is intermittently applied to a stationary workpiece, the surface of the workpiece can be machined to a flat or curved surface, and a variety of other machining operations are possible, including drilling and grooving. Horizontal and vertical milling machines are available depending on the direction of the spindle to which the tools are attached, as well as other types with gate-shaped bodies. In this process, a milling machine, a cutting tool attached to a rotating shaft, is rotated to cut a workpiece. Because the tool is intermittently applied to a stationary workpiece, the surface of the workpiece can be machined to a flat or curved surface, and a variety of other machining operations are possible, including drilling and grooving. Horizontal and vertical milling machines are available depending on the direction of the spindle to which the tools are attached, as well as other types with gate-shaped bodies.

① NC Milling(CNC Milling)

The term NC (Numerical Control) means numerical control, and there was a time when punch cards and the like were used. In the past, punch cards and the like were used. Today, CNC (Computerized Numerical Control), which uses a computer to perform NC control, is the mainstream method, and CNC milling, including CNC milling, is often referred to as NC milling. In addition to labor savings because it can be operated automatically, it is also used to process more complex shapes by controlling it with machining programs that use 3D CAD/CAM software.

 

② machining center

A machining center is an NC-controlled machine tool with a multi-axis configuration with separate tools mounted on multiple spindles, as well as for milling. With the machining center, linear and rotational motions are combined one after the other to continuously perform different types of cutting, such as drilling and machining of curved surfaces, which enables the machining of more complex shapes.

Today, machining centers are widely used in manufacturing. They are indispensable for the manufacture of molds, the most important application, and for the machining of metal parts. In the automotive industry, for example, they are used to grind and drill holes in engine parts and manufacture molds for body parts. It is no exaggeration to say that many other products that support our daily lives and industries are manufactured with machining centers.

One of the features of machining centers is their computer-controlled "automatic tool change function". In contrast to NC machine tools, which are generally changed by the operator, machining centers have a tool changing arm that automatically changes tools from the tool magazine, which is the tool storage area, for machining.

This eliminates the need for retooling, and makes it possible to automate and save labor and reduce costs during manufacturing.

In recent years, 5-axis machining centers have emerged, which use 3 axes (vertical, horizontal, and height) and 2 axes for rotational movement, making it possible to process more complex shapes.

 

③ NC Gear Cutting Machine

The computer-equipped NC gear cutting machine processes gears for a wide variety of shapes and applications in our daily lives, from watches to automobiles.

2.lathe machining

Lathe machining is a technology for processing a cylindrical workpiece by rotating it and placing it against a blade-like tool, called a turning tool, fixed to the main spindle. The lathe is used to make the periphery of a cylindrical workpiece circular or tapered, drill holes, boring and threading to widen the holes, and plunge cutting to the end while cutting the grooves.

①NC lathes (CNC lathes)

With computer-controlled lathing, even a novice can process at a certain level of quality. Some tools can be changed automatically, which has promoted efficiency in work.

Traditionally, cam-type automatic lathes were used to manufacture workpieces of the same shape as Kintaro's candy from long, bar-shaped materials, but in recent years, NC automatic lathes, which process workpieces by program control, have become more widespread in place of cams.

The most common type of NC lathe is a turret with multiple bites mounted on a rotating device called a turret, which allows machining by different bites by rotating the turret. This allows one process to be completed and another process to be carried out in succession while the workpiece is held in the chuck (mounting device).

Multi-spindle automatic lathes have multiple spindles and can perform different processes at the same time, which is why they are characterized by high production efficiency. On the other hand, a single-spindle automatic lathe is suitable for continuous machining of a single part. It is equipped with an autoloader that automatically installs the workpiece and can process a large number of parts of the same shape.

Other special types of lathes include front facing lathes and vertical lathes for large workpieces and wheel lathes for machining railway car wheels.

Currently, computer control of NC lathes has advanced to the point where an NC lathe is a CNC lathe. From the point of view of production efficiency, models with multiple spindles and turrets that can process multiple locations simultaneously with a single chucking (fixing of the workpiece) are widely used.

On the other hand, high-precision lathes capable of processing sub-micron orders are widely used for precision machining of electronic devices. In addition, as an accessory function, some lathes have been developed that automate tasks such as loading/unloading, cleaning and measurement of the processed materials, and are greatly helpful in improving the efficiency of manufacturing.

 

Tokyo Byokane metal processing with the largest number of orders is this cutting process, and the cutting process is also available in small lots. We have the high-level know-how for the mass production of cutting products.